Datasets
Displaying 1 - 25 of 50
The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) is an international reference observing network, established in 2006, of sites measuring essential climate variables above Earth's surface, designed to fill an important gap in the current global observing system. GRUAN measurements are providing high-quality climate data records from the surface, through the troposphere, and into the stratosphere.
Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1978 - Wed, 10/17/2018
This dataset provides access to two types of ozone observations: total column ozone estimates and vertical profiles of ozone concentration.
The total ozone estimates are based on solar UV radiation measurements made by ground-based spectrophotometers (Dobson or Brewer type spectrophotometers).
The vertical profiles of ozone concentration are estimated primarily using ozonesonde observations.
Data are available for 159 Dobson stations, 109 Brewer stations and 135 ozonesondes stations.
The total ozone estimates are based on solar UV radiation measurements made by ground-based spectrophotometers (Dobson or Brewer type spectrophotometers).
The vertical profiles of ozone concentration are estimated primarily using ozonesonde observations.
Data are available for 159 Dobson stations, 109 Brewer stations and 135 ozonesondes stations.
Interval/period: Tue, 01/01/1924 - Tue, 05/12/2026
This dataset provides estimates of water vapour derived from atmospheric delays in Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) radio signals.
The initial data is collected from two in situ ground-based network of GNSS receivers – the International GNSS Service
(IGS) and EUREF Permanent Network (EPN). The IGS collects, archives, and freely distributes GNSS data from a
cooperatively operated global network of more than 500 ground-based GNSS stations since 1994. The EPN is a European
(GNSS) radio signals.
The initial data is collected from two in situ ground-based network of GNSS receivers – the International GNSS Service
(IGS) and EUREF Permanent Network (EPN). The IGS collects, archives, and freely distributes GNSS data from a
cooperatively operated global network of more than 500 ground-based GNSS stations since 1994. The EPN is a European
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1996 - Tue, 05/12/2026
This dataset contains monthly daytime and nighttime clear-sky land surface temperatures (LSTs) and their uncertainty estimates from multiple Infra-Red (IR) instruments on polar orbiting satellites. Daytime and nighttime temperatures correspond to 10:00 and 22:00 local solar time (local solar time is defined as the time in a 24 hour day with 12 noon occurring when the sun is at its highest point at that longitude).
Interval/period: Thu, 06/01/1995 - Tue, 12/31/2024
This catalogue entry provides access to vertical profiles of standard meteorological variables. It includes two archives.
The first is version 2 of the Integrated Global Radiosounding Archive (IGRA) from 1978 which incorporates global
radiosounding profiles of temperature, humidity and wind from a large number of data sources,
which is 30% larger than the previous version 1. IGRA v2 is the result of quality assurance procedures applied to the
The first is version 2 of the Integrated Global Radiosounding Archive (IGRA) from 1978 which incorporates global
radiosounding profiles of temperature, humidity and wind from a large number of data sources,
which is 30% larger than the previous version 1. IGRA v2 is the result of quality assurance procedures applied to the
Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1978 - Tue, 05/12/2026
This dataset provides monthly means of mass-consistent, vertically integrated, atmospheric energy and moisture budget quantities derived from 1-hourly ERA5 reanalysis data.
The vertically integrated budget diagnostics include the tendencies and lateral fluxes of total energy, water vapour, and latent heat (with the latent heat of vaporization varying with temperature). In addition, the divergences of the lateral fluxes are provided.
The vertically integrated budget diagnostics include the tendencies and lateral fluxes of total energy, water vapour, and latent heat (with the latent heat of vaporization varying with temperature). In addition, the divergences of the lateral fluxes are provided.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Tue, 05/12/2026
This dataset provides gridded sea ice thickness data for the Arctic, derived from satellite observations. Sea ice plays a vital role in the climate system, influencing air-sea interactions, the Earth’s energy balance, and marine ecosystems. It is recognised by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV). Sea ice thickness is a key characteristic used alongside other parameters such as concentration, edge, and type, all available in the Climate Data Store (CDS).
Interval/period: Tue, 10/01/2002 - Sat, 04/12/2025
This dataset provides gridded daily and monthly mean global estimates of sea level anomaly based on satellite altimetry measurements. The rise in global mean sea level in recent decades has been one of the most important and well-known consequences of climate warming, putting a large fraction of the world population and economic infrastructure at greater risk of flooding. However, changes in the global average sea level mask regional variations that can be one order of magnitude larger.
Interval/period: Fri, 01/01/1993 - Sun, 12/31/2023
This dataset contains 4 Essential Climate Variables (ECV) for the 18 bias adjusted Global Climate Models (GCM) from CMIP5: daily precipitation rate, and daily mean, maximum and minimum temperatures.
The data are bias adjusted using the Distribution Based Scaling (DBS) method versus the global reference dataset HydroGFD2.0, both bias adjustment method and global reference dataset developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).
The DBS method is a parametric quantile-mapping variant.
The data are bias adjusted using the Distribution Based Scaling (DBS) method versus the global reference dataset HydroGFD2.0, both bias adjustment method and global reference dataset developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).
The DBS method is a parametric quantile-mapping variant.
Interval/period: Thu, 10/12/2000 - Thu, 10/18/2018
This dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies. This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5. Acquisition and pre-processing of the original ERA5 data is a complex and specialized job. By providing the AgERA5 dataset, users are freed from this work and can directly start with meaningful input for their analyses and modelling.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Thu, 04/30/2026
This dataset provides global estimates of daily accumulated and monthly means of precipitation. The precipitation estimates are based on a merge of passive microwave observations from two different radiometer classes operating on multiple Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites.
Interval/period: Sat, 01/01/2000 - Sun, 12/31/2017
Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH) is of key importance to the Earth’s greenhouse effect and understanding of climate change. It is considered an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) because it controls key atmospheric processes, including those involved in water vapour and cloud feedbacks, that can amplify the climate system’s response to increases in other greenhouse gases. The Upper Tropospheric Humidity is defined as the integrated amount of Water Vapour in the atmospheric layer between ~500 hPa and ~200 hPa.
Interval/period: Tue, 07/05/1994 - Sun, 02/28/2021
This catalogue entry provides monthly mean time series from the global ocean and sea-ice reanalysis ORAS5 (Ocean Reanalysis System 5), with data organised to prioritise temporal access at grid point locations rather than full spatial fields. The dataset enables users to efficiently retrieve long, continuous time series for individual ocean points, supporting analyses of ocean variability and change without the need to download and process large global gridded datasets.
Interval/period: Wed, 01/01/1958 - Wed, 01/01/2025
Cloud properties directly influence the state of the Earth´s upper-air atmosphere. Clouds have an effect on weather and climate through their contribution to the Earth’s water cycle and impact on the Earth’s energy budget. They impact atmospheric motions on a range of spatial and temporal scales and contribute to changes in the atmospheric composition.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Mon, 06/30/2025
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate covering the period from January 1940 to present. It is produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) at ECMWF and provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 31km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes an ensemble component at half the resolution to provide information on synoptic uncertainty of its products.
Interval/period: Sat, 01/01/1949 - Tue, 05/12/2026
The Comprehensive Upper-air Observation Network (CUON) dataset is designed
to contain all available observations from balloons ascents through the atmosphere.
The main geophysical variables are temperature, humidity, and wind speed and wind direction,
as functions of atmospheric pressure levels. The observation platforms include pilot balloons, radiosondes, and ozonesondes.
The main observation data sources are:
- the NOAA Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA version 2),
- the NCAR Upper-Air Database (UADB), and
to contain all available observations from balloons ascents through the atmosphere.
The main geophysical variables are temperature, humidity, and wind speed and wind direction,
as functions of atmospheric pressure levels. The observation platforms include pilot balloons, radiosondes, and ozonesondes.
The main observation data sources are:
- the NOAA Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA version 2),
- the NCAR Upper-Air Database (UADB), and
Interval/period: Tue, 01/01/1901 - Tue, 12/31/2024
The dataset provides bioclimatic indicators derived from CMIP5 climate projections at 1 km x 1 km resolution for selected regions; Europe, Northern Brazil and Central Africa. This comprehensive set of bioclimatic indicators is specifically relevant for applications within the biodiversity and ecosystem services community.
Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1950 - Thu, 12/31/2099
This dataset provides a historical reconstruction of bioclimatic indicators at 1 x 1 km resolution for Europe, Northern Brazil and Central Africa. These bioclimate indicators describe how the climate affects ecosystems, the services they deliver, and nature’s biodiversity. They are specifically relevant for applications within the biodiversity and ecosystem services community.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Mon, 12/31/2018
The Earth’s Radiation Budget (ERB) represents the overall balance between incoming and outgoing radiant energy at the Earth’s top-of-the-atmosphere. This Essential Climate Variable is the primary forcing of the climate system and is therefore a fundamental quantity to be monitored to understand the Earth’s climate and its variability. The Earth’s Radiation Budget comprises of the quantification of the incoming radiation from the Sun and the outgoing reflected shortwave and emitted longwave radiation.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Sun, 02/01/2026
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Sat, 05/02/2026
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Sat, 05/02/2026
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards. ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Data is available from 1940 onwards. ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Fri, 12/06/2024
ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to the
Fifth Generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA5).
Produced by replaying only the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis, it benefits from the same physical data-assimilation framework but runs offline at
higher spatial detail (9 km grid) to deliver richer land-surface information.
Fifth Generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA5).
Produced by replaying only the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis, it benefits from the same physical data-assimilation framework but runs offline at
higher spatial detail (9 km grid) to deliver richer land-surface information.
Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1950 - Thu, 12/31/2026
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Wed, 04/01/2026
ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Wed, 04/01/2026