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Winter windstorm indicators for Europe from 1979 to 2021 derived from reanalysis

This dataset provides climatological indicators on European winter windstorms and their economic impact derived from ERA5 reanalysis. Also provided are risk indicators from a synthetically derived set of physically realistic windstorm events based on modelled climatic conditions. The primary users include the insurance sector, reinsurers and insurance industry service providers in response to their requirements for a catalogue of historic windstorm events within Europe.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 03/01/1986 - Wed, 11/30/2011

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ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Fri, 05/01/2026

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ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Fri, 05/01/2026

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ERA5 post-processed daily statistics on pressure levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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ERA5 post-processed daily statistics on single levels from 1940 to present

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades.
Data is available from 1940 onwards.
ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1940 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present

ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1950 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present

ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1950 - Fri, 05/01/2026

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ERA5-Land post-processed daily statistics from 1950 to present

ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sun, 01/01/1950 - Thu, 06/25/2026

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Essential climate variables for assessment of climate variability from 1979 to present

The Essential Climate Variables for assessment of climate variability from 1979 to present dataset contains a selection of climatologies, monthly anomalies and monthly mean fields of Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) suitable for monitoring and assessment of climate variability and change. Selection criteria are based on accuracy and temporal consistency on monthly to decadal time scales.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Fri, 05/01/2026

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EXPECT constant CO2/ocean experiment

EXPECT seasonal hindcast experiment ConstantCO2/ocean. CO2 emissions kept constant at 1993 levels and warming footprint removed from ocean initial conditions. (For full details see Mayer et al. 2026). Experiment uses Cy49R2 v8 at Tco199 and ORCA025Z75 resolution (the reference ocean ICs are from ORAS6 0001). 51 member ensemble of May initialisations for the years 1993-2026 and run for 7 months.

Examples

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EXPECT Double delta CO2/ocean

EXPECT seasonal hindcast experiment Double delta CO2/ocean. Doubles the forced pattern of climate change in the ocean ICs after 1993 and doubles the annual rate of CO2 increase after 1993 . (For full details see Mayer et al. 2026). Experiment uses Cy49R2 v8 at Tco199 and ORCA025Z75 resolution (the reference ocean ICs are from ORAS6 0001). 51 member ensemble of May initialisations for the years 1993-2026 and run for 7 months.

Examples

calendar_today Interval/period: N/A

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CAMS solar radiation time-series

The CAMS solar radiation services provide historical values (2004 to present) of global (GHI), direct (BHI) and diffuse (DHI) solar irradiation, as well as direct normal irradiation (BNI). The aim is to fulfil the needs of European and national policy development and the requirements of both commercial and public downstream services, e.g. for planning, monitoring, efficiency improvements and the integration of solar energy systems into energy supply grids.

calendar_today Interval/period: Thu, 01/01/2004 - Tue, 06/30/2026

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CERRA sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe on height levels from 1984 to present

The Copernicus European Regional ReAnalysis (CERRA) datasets provide spatially and temporally consistent historical reconstructions of meteorological variables in the atmosphere and at the surface. There are four subsets: single levels (atmospheric and surface quantities), height levels (upper-air fields up to 500m), pressure levels (upper-air fields up to 1hPa) and model levels (native levels of the model). This entry provides reanalysis and forecast data on height levels for Europe from 1984 to present.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1984 - Tue, 03/31/2026

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CERRA sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe on model levels from 1984 to present

The Copernicus European Regional ReAnalysis (CERRA) datasets provide spatially and temporally consistent historical reconstructions of meteorological variables in the atmosphere and at the surface. There are four subsets: single levels (atmospheric and surface quantities), height levels (upper-air fields up to 500m), pressure levels (upper-air fields up to 1hPa) and model levels (native levels of the model). This entry provides reanalysis data on model levels for Europe from 1984 to present.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1984 - Tue, 03/31/2026

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CERRA sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe on pressure levels from 1984 to present

The Copernicus European Regional ReAnalysis (CERRA) datasets provide spatially and temporally consistent historical reconstruction of meteorological variables in the atmosphere and at the surface. There are four subsets: single levels (atmospheric and surface quantities), height levels (upper-air fields up to 500m), pressure levels (upper-air fields up to 1hPa) and model levels (native levels of the model). This entry provides reanalysis and forecast data on pressure levels for Europe from 1984 to present.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1984 - Tue, 03/31/2026

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CERRA sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe on single levels from 1984 to present

The Copernicus European Regional ReAnalysis (CERRA) datasets provide spatially and temporally consistent historical reconstructions of meteorological variables in the atmosphere and at the surface. There are four subsets: single levels (atmospheric and surface quantities), height levels (upper-air fields up to 500m), pressure levels (upper-air fields up to 1hPa) and model levels (native levels of the model). This entry provides reanalysis and forecast data on single levels for Europe from 1984 to present.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1984 - Tue, 03/31/2026

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Climate and energy indicators for Europe from 1979 to present derived from reanalysis

The Copernicus climate change service (C3S) operational energy dataset provides climate and energy indicators for the European energy sector. The climate-relevant indicators for the energy sector considered are: air temperature, precipitation, incoming solar radiation, wind speed at 10 m and 100 m, and mean sea level air pressure. The energy indicators are electricity demand and power generation from various sources: wind (both onshore and offshore), solar and hydro (run-of-river and reservoir) power.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Fri, 05/01/2026

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Control subseasonal re-forecast experiment (2004-2023, 11 members)

11-member coupled subseasonal re-forecast experiment using a prototype CY49R2 configuration of the IFS–NEMO4–SI3 system. Re-forecasts are initialized on the first day of each month, covering the period 2004 to 2023, and are integrated out to +46 days. The atmospheric component runs at Tco319L137 and is initialized from ERA5, ocean and sea-ice components run at eORCA0.25Z75 and are initialized from ORAS6.

Examples

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Earth's radiation budget from 1979 to present derived from satellite observations

The Earth’s Radiation Budget (ERB) represents the overall balance between incoming and outgoing radiant energy at the Earth’s top-of-the-atmosphere. This Essential Climate Variable is the primary forcing of the climate system and is therefore a fundamental quantity to be monitored to understand the Earth’s climate and its variability. The Earth’s Radiation Budget comprises of the quantification of the incoming radiation from the Sun and the outgoing reflected shortwave and emitted longwave radiation.

calendar_today Interval/period: Mon, 01/01/1979 - Sun, 03/01/2026

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Arctic regional reanalysis on height levels from 1991 to present

The C3S Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) dataset contains hourly data including 3-hourly analyses and hourly short term forecasts of atmospheric height level meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, wind, and other thermodynamic variables) at 2.5 km resolution. Additionally, forecasts up to 30 hours initialised from the analyses at 00 and 12 UTC are available.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1990 - Thu, 04/30/2026

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Arctic regional reanalysis on model levels from 1991 to present

The C3S Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) dataset contains hourly data including 3-hourly analyses and hourly short term forecasts of atmospheric model level meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, wind, cloud, precipitation and turbulent kinetic energy) at 2.5 km resolution. Additionally, forecasts up to 30 hours initialised from the analyses at 00 and 12 UTC are available.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1990 - Thu, 04/30/2026

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Arctic regional reanalysis on pressure levels from 1991 to present

The C3S Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) dataset contains hourly data including 3-hourly analyses and hourly short term forecasts of atmospheric pressure level meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, wind, and other thermodynamic variables) at 2.5 km resolution. Additionally, forecasts up to 30 hours initialised from the analyses at 00 and 12 UTC are available.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1990 - Thu, 04/30/2026

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Arctic regional reanalysis on single levels from 1991 to present

The C3S Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) dataset contains 3-hourly analyses and hourly short term forecasts of atmospheric and surface meteorological variables (surface and near-surface temperature, surface and top of atmosphere fluxes, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind, pressure, snow and sea variables) at 2.5 km resolution. Additionally, forecasts up to 30 hours initialised from the analyses at 00 and 12 UTC are available.

calendar_today Interval/period: Sat, 09/01/1990 - Thu, 04/30/2026

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