@manual{1307107470007,
  author = {Paul Berrisford and P.W. K{\r a}llberg and S. Kobayashi and D.P. Dee and S. Uppala and Adrian Simmons and P. Poli and H. Sato},
  title = {Atmospheric conservation properties in ERA-Interim},
  abstract = {We study the global atmospheric budgets of mass, moisture, energy and angular momentum in the latest reanalysis from The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), ERA-Interim, for the period 1989-2008 and compare with ERA-40. Most of the measures we use indicate that the ERA-Interim reanalysis is superior in quality to ERA-40. In ERA-Interim the standard deviation of the monthly mean global dry mass of 0.7 kgm-2 (0.007\%) is slightly worse than in ERA-40, and long time scale variations in dry mass originate predominately in the surface pressure field. The divergent winds are improved in ERA-Interim: the global standard deviation of the time averaged dry mass budget residual is 10 kgm-2day-1 and the quality of the cross equatorial mass fluxes is improved. The temporal variations in the global evaporation minus precipitation (E-P) are too large but the global moisture budget residual is 0.003 kgm-2day-1 with a spatial standard deviation of 0.3 kgm-2day-1. Both the E-P over ocean and P-E over land are about 15\% larger than the 1.1 Tgs-1 transport of water from ocean to land. The top of atmosphere (TOA) net energy losses are improved, with a value of 1 Wm-2 but the meridional gradient of the TOA net energy flux is smaller than that from the Clouds and the Earth{\textquoteright}s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data. At the surface the global energy losses are worse, with a value of 7 Wm-2. Over land however, the energy loss is only 0.5 Wm-2. The downwelling thermal radiation at the surface in ERA-Interim of 341 Wm-2 is towards the higher end of previous estimates. The global mass adjusted energy budget residual is 8 Wm-2 with a spatial standard deviation of 11 Wm-2 and the mass adjusted atmospheric energy transport from low to high latitudes (the sum for the two hemispheres) is 9.5 PW.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {ERA Report Series},
  number = {12},
  pages = {33},
  month = {2011},
  publisher = {ECMWF},
  address = {Shinfield Park, Reading},
  url = {\ },
  language = {eng},
}