IFS Documentation front page

I Observations
II Assimilation
III Dynamics
IV Physics
V Ensemble
VI Technical
VII Waves

Part VII: ECMWF Wave-model documentation

REFERENCES

Abdalla, S. and J. Bidlot, 2002. `Wind gustiness and air density effects and other key changes to the wave model in CY25R1'. ECMWF Research Department Memo R60.9/SA/0273, available internally at:

http://w3ecold.ecmwf.int/html/wave/documents/memo_CY25R1.pdf

Banner, M.L., 1990. Equilibrium spectra of wind waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 966-984.

Bauer, E., S. Hasselmann, K. Hasselmann and H.C. Graber, 1992. Validation and assimilation of Seasat altimeter wave heights using the WAM wave model. J. Geophys. Res. C97, 12671-12682.

Bidlot J.-R. and Peter Janssen, 2003: `Unresolved bathymetry, neutral winds, and new stress tables in WAM'. Memorandum of the Research Department R60.9/JB/0400.

Birch, K.G. and J.A. Ewing, 1986. `Observations of wind waves on a reservoir'. IOS report No. 234, Wormley, 37p.

Booij, N. and L.H. Holthuijsen, 1987. Propagation of ocean waves in discrete spectral wave models. J. Comp. Phys. 68, 307-326.

Breivik L.-A., M. Reistad, H. Schyberg, and J. Sunde, 1998: Assimilation of ERS SAR wave spectra in an operational wave model. J. Geophys. Res., 103, C4, 7887-7900.

Charnock, H., 1955. Wind stress on a water surface. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 81, 639-640.

Chi Wai Li, 1992. A split operator scheme for ocean wave simulation. Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 15, 579-593.

Dorrestein, R., 1960. Simplified method of determining refraction coefficients for sea waves. J. Geophys. Res. 65, 637-642.

Forristall, G.Z., 1981. Measurements of saturated range in ocean wave spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8075-8089.

Groves, G.W. and J. Melcer, 1961. On the propagation of ocean waves on a sphere. Geof. Int. 8, 77-93.

Günther, H., S. Hasselmann and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1991. `Wamodel cycle 4'. DKRZ report no. 4, Hamburg.

Günther, H., P. Lionello, P.A.E.M. Janssen, L. Bertotti, C. Brüning, J.C. Carretero, L. Cavaleri, A. Guillaume, B. Hansen, S. Hasselmann, K. Hasselmann, M. de las Heras, A. Hollingsworth, M. Holt, J.M. Lefevre and R. Portz, 1992.` Implementation of a third generation ocean wave model at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts'. Final report for EC Contract SC1-0013-C(GDF), ECMWF, Reading.

Hansen, B., and H. Günther, 1992. `ERS-1 radar altimeter validation with the WAM model'. Pp. 157-161 in Proceedings of the ERS-1 Geophysical Validation Workshop, European Space Agency, Paris.

Hardy,T.A., Mason, L.B., and McConochie, J.D., 2001: A wave generation model for the Great Barrier Reef, Ocean Engineering. January 2001, 28, pp. 45-70.

Hasselmann, D.E., J. Bösenberg, M. Dunckel, K. Richter, M. Grünewald and H. Carlson, 1986. `Measurements of wave-induced pressure over surface gravity waves'. Pp 353-370 in Wave dynamics and radio probing of the ocean surface. Eds. O.M. Phillips and K. Hasselmann, Plenum, New York, 677p.

Hasselmann, K., 1974. On the spectral dissipation of ocean waves due to whitecapping. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 6, 107-127.

Hasselmann, K., T.P. Barnett, E. Bouws, H. Carlson, D.E. Cartwright, K. Enke, J.A. Ewing, H. Gienapp, D.E. Hasselmann, P. Kruseman, A. Meerburg, P. Müller, D.J. Olbers, K. Richter, W. Sell and H. Walden, 1973. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z. Suppl. A 8(12), 95p.

Hasselmann, K., D.B. Ross, P. Müller and W. Sell, 1976. A parametric wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 200-228.

Hasselmann, K., S. Hasselmann, E. Bauer, C. Brüning, S. Lehner, H. Graber and P. Lionello, 1988. `Development of a satellite SAR image spectra and altimeter wave height data assimilation system for ERS-1'. ESA report, Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorologie, Nr. 19, Hamburg, 155p.

Hasselmann, S. and K. Hasselmann, 1981. A symmetrical method of computing the non-linear transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum. Hamb. Geophys. Einzelschr. Serie A. 52, 138p.

Hasselmann, S. and K. Hasselmann, 1985. Computations and parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer in a gravity-wave spectrum, part 1: A new method for efficient computations of the exact nonlinear transfer integral. J. Phys. Oceangr., 15, 1369-1377.

Hasselmann, S., K. Hasselmann, J.H. Allender and T.P. Barnett, 1985. Computations and parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer in a gravity wave spectrum, part 2: Parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer for application in wave models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1378-1391.

Hasselmann S., C. Brüning, K. Hasselmann, and P. Heimbach, 1996: An improved algorithm for the retrieval of ocean wave spectra from SAR image spectra. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C7, 16615- 16629.

Hasselmann S., P. Lionello, and K. Hasselmann, 1997: An optimal interpolation scheme for the assimilation of spectral data. J. Geophys. Res., 102, C7, 15823-15836.

Hersbach, H. and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1999. Improvement of the Short-Fetch Behavior in the Wave Ocean Model (WAM). J. Atm. Ocean. Techn., 16, 884-892.

Hoffschildt, M., J.-R. Bidlot, B. Hansen and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1999. `Potential Benefit of ensemble forecasts for ship routing'. ECMWF Technical Memorandum 287, August 1999.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., 1982. Quasilinear approximation for the spectrum of wind-generated water waves. J. Fluid Mech. 117, 493-506.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., 1989. Wave-induced stress and the drag of air flow over sea waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 745-754.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., 1991. Quasi-linear theory of wind wave generation applied to wave forecasting. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1631-1642.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., 1992. Experimental evidence of the effect of surface waves on the airflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1600-1604.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., 2000. `ECMWF wave modeling and satellite altimeter wave data'.Pp. 35-36 in Satellites, Oceanography and Society. Ed. David Halpern, Elsevier.

Janssen, P.A.E.M. and G.J. Komen, 1985. Effect of the atmospheric stability on the growth of surface gravity waves. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 32, 85-96.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., P. Lionello, M. Reistad and A. Hollingsworth, 1987. `A study of the feasibility of using sea and wind information from the ERS-1 satellite, part 2: Use of scatterometer and altimeter data in wave modelling and assimilation'. ECMWF report to ESA, Reading.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., P. Lionello, L. Zambresky, 1989a. On the interaction of wind and waves. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A329, 289-301.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., P. Lionello, M. Reistad and A. Hollingsworth, 1989b. Hindcasts and data assimilation studies with the WAM model during the Seasat period. J. Geophys. Res. C94, 973-993.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., B. Hansen and J.-R. Bidlot, 1997a. `Validation of ERS Satellite Wave Products with the WAM model'. Pp. 101-108 in Proceedings of the CEOS Wind and Wave Validation Workshop, 3-5 June 1997, ESTEC, The Netherlands, ESA WPP-147.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., B. Hansen and J.-R. Bidlot, 1997b. Verification of the ECMWF Wave Forecasting System against Buoy and Altimeter data. Weather Forecasting, 12, 763-784.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., J.-R. Bidlot and B. Hansen, 2000. `Diagnosis of the ECMWF ocean-wave forecasting system'. ECMWF Technical Memorandum 318, October 2000.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., James D. Doyle, Jean-R. Bidlot, Björn Hansen, Lars Isaksen and Pedro Viterbo, 2001. `Impact and Feedback of Ocean Waves on the Atmosphere'. ECMWF Technical Memorandum 341.

Janssen, P.A.E.M., J. D. Doyle, J. Bidlot, B. Hansen, L. Isaksen and P. Viterbo, 2002. Impact and feedback of ocean waves on the atmosphere. Pp. 155-197 in Advances in fluid mechanics. Atmosphere-ocean interactions. Vol. 1, Ed. W. Perrie, WITpress.

Katsaros, K.B., S.D. Smith and W.A. Oost, 1987. HEXOS - Humidity Exchange Over the Sea. A program for research on water-vapor and droplet fluxes from sea to air at moderate to high wind speeds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 68, 466-476.

Kitaigorodskii, S.A., 1962. Application of the theory of similarity to the analysis of wind-generated water waves as a stochastic process, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Geophys. Ser. no. 1, 73p.

Komen, G.J., K. Hasselmann and S. Hasselmann, 1984. On the existence of a fully developed windsea spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1271-1285.

Komen, G.J., L. Cavaleri, M. Donelan, K. Hasselmann, S. Hasselmann, and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1994. Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lionello, P. and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1990. `Assimilation of altimeter measurements to update swell spectra in wave models'. Pp. 241-246 in Proceedings of the international symposium on assimilation of observations in meteorology and oceanography. Clermont-Ferrand, France; World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.

Lionello, P., H. Günther and P.A.E.M. Janssen, 1992. Assimilation of altimeter data in a global third generation wave model. J. Geophys. Res. C97, 14453-14474.

Lorenc, A.C., 1981. A global Three-dimensional Multivariate Statistical interpolation scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 701-721.

Miles, J.W., 1957. On the generation of surface waves by shear flows. J. Fluid Mech., 3, 185-204.

Mitsuyasu, H., 1968. `On the growth of the spectrum of wind-generated waves'. 1. Rep. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech., Kyushu Univ. 16, 251-264.

Mitsuyasu, H., 1969. `On the growth of the spectrum of wind-generated waves'. 2. Rep. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech., Kyushu Univ. 17, 235-243.

Panofsky, H.A., H. Tennekes, D.H. Lenschow and J.C. Wyngaard, 1977. The characteristics of Turbulent velocity components in the surface layer under convective conditions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 11, pp.355-361.

Phillips, O.M., 1958. The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind-generated water waves. J. Fluid Mech. 4, 426-434.

Pierson, W.J.,Jr. and L. Moskowitz, 1964. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii. J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5181.

Plant, W.J., 1982. A relation between wind stress and wave slope. J. Geophys. Res., C87, 1961-1967.

Saetra, O. 2004: `Ensemble Shiprouting'. ECMWF Tech. Memo 435. ECMWF, Reading, UK

Saetra, O. and J.-R. Bidlot, 2002: `Assessment of the ECMWF ensemble prediction system for waves and marine winds'. ECMWF Tech. Memo 388. ECMWF, Reading, UK

Saetra, O. and J.-R. Bidlot, 2004: On the potential benefit of using probabilistic forecast for waves and marine winds based on the ECMWF ensemble prediction system. Weather Forecasting, 19, 673-689.

Shyu, J.H. and O.M. Phillips, 1990. The blockage of gravity and capillary waves by longer waves and currents. J. Fluid Mech., 217, 115-141.

Snyder, R.L., F.W. Dobson, J.A. Elliott and R.B. Long, 1981. Array measurements of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above surface gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 102, 1-59.

SWAMP group: J.H. Allender, T.P. Barnett, L. Bertotti, J. Bruinsma, V.J. Cardone, L. Cavaleri, J. Ephraums, B. Golding, A. Greenwood, J. Guddal, H. Günther, K. Hasselmann, S. Hasselmann, P. Joseph, S. Kawai, G.J. Komen, L. Lawson, H. Linné, R.B. Long, M. Lybanon, E. Maeland, W. Rosenthal, Y. Toba, T. Uji and W.J.P. de Voogt, 1985. `Sea wave modeling project (SWAMP). An intercomparison study of wind wave predictions models, part 1: Principal results and conclusions'. In Ocean wave modeling; Plenum, New York, 256p.

Thomas, J., 1988. Retrieval of energy spectra from measured data for assimilation into a wave model. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 114, 781-800.

Tolman, H.L., 1992. Effects of numerics on the physics in a third-generation wind-wave model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1095-1111.

Tolman, H.L., 2000. Private communication at WISE meeting in Iceland.

Tolman, H. L., 2003: Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models. Ocean Modelling, 5, 219-231.

Voorrips, A.C., V.K. Makin and G.J. Komen, 1994. The influence of atmospheric stratification on the growth of water waves. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 72, 287-303.

Voorrips, A. C., V. K. Makin, and S. Hasselmann, 1997: Assimilation of wave spectra from pitch- and-roll buoys in a North Sea wave model. J. Geophys. Res., 102, C3, 5829-5849.

WAMDI group: S. Hasselmann, K. Hasselmann, E. Bauer, P.A.E.M. Janssen, G.J. Komen, L. Bertotti, P. Lionello, A. Guillaume, V.C. Cardone, J.A. Greenwood, M. Reistad, L. Zambresky and J.A. Ewing, 1988. The WAM model - a third generation ocean wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1775-1810.

Wu, J., 1982. Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface from breeze to hurricane. J. Geophy. Res., C87, 9704-9706.